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doi.org/10.36475/L.A.W.14
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L.A.W.
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    რეზიუმე - Journal Law and World

    Volume 8, Issue 3

    The Legal Treatment Problem of French and Georgian Nationals Who Joined the Islamic in Iraq and/or Syria

    Authors: Sophie Joubert

    Sophie Joubert

    Graduated from the Master of International Public Law of the Jean Moulin University and holds a Master of Environmental Law and Urban Planning from the Environmental Law Institute, Lyon (France)

    Email: sophiejoubert.pro@gmail.com



    Affiliation: Graduated from the Master of International Public Law of the Jean Moulin University and holds a Master of Environmental Law and Urban Planning from the Environmental Law Institute, Lyon (France)

    Abstract: With the weakening of the Islamic State, many French and Georgians who had joined the organization, were arrested by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in Syria and by the Iraqi authorities. These people have been placed either in detention in Iraq or in camps in Syria with catastrophic health and security conditions. Even if France and Georgia are unambiguously reluctant to repatriate their nationals who have joined Daesh in order to try them on their territory, it is appropriate to ask whether this policy is consistent with international law. This article aims to provide a legal response to the political and security issues surrounding the repatriation and trial of French and Georgian nationals who have joined Daesh. Firstly, the legal dilemma of the trial of adults who joined Daesh will be studied in the light of international law and the domestic law of Iraq, France and Georgia, including the thorny issue of the application of the death penalty in Iraq and the recognition of crimes against humanity. Secondly, the legal possibility of repatriation of French and Georgian minors interned in camps in northern Syria will be analyzed.

    Keywords: Daesh, Judging terrorism, Iraqi justice, Child in Syria


    Language: FR

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    Notes:

    1. CNCDH. (2019, October 11th). Opinion on French minors held in Syrian camps. Journal officiel de la République française (JORF) No. 0237. Text No. 78. NOR: CDHX1929060V. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000039202746 [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    2. 33rd ISIS fighter from Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge dead in Syrian war. (2019, March 9th). Democracy & Freedom Watch. https://dfwatch.net/33rd-isis-fighter-from-georgias-pankisigorge-dead-in-syrian-war-52956 [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    3. Russian-Origin Muslims in Georgia. (2021, July 30th). International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/russian-origin-muslims-georgia [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    4. Georgia Population (LIVE). Worldometer. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/georgia-population/ [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    5. CNCDH. (2020, February 2nd). Opinion on French nationals sentenced to death or facing the death penalty in Iraq. Journal officiel de la République française (JORF) n°0028. Text n° 57. NOR: CDHX2003042V. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000041515060 [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    6. Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi calls for 'rescue' of detained jihadists and their families. (2019, September 16th). Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/09/16/abou-bakr-al-baghdadi-appelle-a-sauver-les-djihadistes-detenus-et-leursfamilles_5511143_3210.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    7. Ibid.
    8. Iraq: 5 Iraqi nationals executed for terrorism. (2021, February 12th). ECPM. https://www.ecpm.org/irak-5-ressortissants-irakiens-executes-pour-terrorisme/ [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; Iraq: 21 Iraqi nationals executed for terrorism. (2020, November 19th). ECPM. https://www.ecpm.org/irak-21-ressortissants-irakiens-executes-pour-terrorisme/ [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    9. Collongette, A. (2022, July 5th). Has France changed its policy regarding the repatriation of children detained in Syria? Nice-Matin. https://www.nicematin.com/faits-de-societe/lafrance-a-t-elle-change-de-politique-concernant-le-rapatriement-des-enfants-detenusen-syrie-779247 [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    10. Russian-Origin Muslims in Georgia. Op.cit.
    11. Paris challenges UN rapporteur's comments on transfer of French jihadists to Iraq. (2019, August 12th). France Info. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/francaiscondamnes-a-mort-en-irak/paris-recuse-les-observations-d-unerapporteure-de-l-onusur-le-transfert-de-jihadistes-francais-en-irak_3574541.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; Paris responds curtly to a UN expert who called for the repatriation of jihadists. (2019, August 13th). Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/politique/article/paris-repond-sechement-a-une-experte-de-l-onu-qui-demandait-le-rapatriement-desjihadistes_150071.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; French jihadists sentenced to death in Iraq: France again rules out repatriating them. (2019, August 13th). LCI. https://www.lci.fr/terrorisme/djihadistes-francais-condamnes-a-mort-en-irak-la-france-excluta-nouveau-de-les-rapatrierune-experte-de-l-onu-appelle-a-le-faire-2129420.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    12. CNCDH. (2020, February 2nd). Opinion on French nationals sentenced to death or facing the death penalty in Iraq. Op.cit.
    13. Ibid.
    14. Ibid.
    15. To go further, see: Delas, O. (2010). The Principle of Non-Refoulement in International Human Rights Jurisprudence: From Consecration to Challenge. [Doctoral thesis in Inter-national Law, University of Paris 2] https://www.theses.fr/2010PA020067 [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    16. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. (1987, June 26th)
    17. ECtHR, Soering v. The United Kingdom, July 7, 1989, application n° 14038/88
    18. Human Rights Watch. (2017). Flawed Justice: Accountability for ISIS Crimes in Iraq. Pp. 49-52. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/12/05/flawed-justice/accountability-isis-crimes-iraq [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    19. Sallon, H. (2019, July 6th). French jihadists sentenced to death in Iraq blame Paris. Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/07/06/des-djihadistes-francais-condamnes-a-mort-en-irak-mettent-encause-paris_5486227_3210.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; Olivier, P. (2019, July 10th). Family of French man sentenced to death in Iraq cries out in anger. RFI. http://www.rfi.fr/france/20190710-rfi-rencontre-famille-francaiscondamne-mort-irak [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; Le Devin, W. (2019, July 4th). Jihadists in Iraq: "Will we eradicate evil by applying the death penalty? No!". Liberation. https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/07/04/jihadistes-en-irak-est-ce-qu-on-eradiquera-lemal-en-appliquant-la-peine-de-mort-non_1738006/ [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; Zamouri, A. (2019, June 21st). The family of a French jihadist sentenced to death breaks the silence. Le Point. https://www.lepoint.fr/justice/exclusif-la-famille-d-un-djihadistefrancais-condamne-a-mort-brise-lesilence-21-06-2019-2320318_2386.php [Last accessed August 5, 2022]
    20. Mr. Jean-Yves Le Drian, Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs. (2019, May 29th). Statement in response to a question about the trials in Iraq against the jihadist. https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/271659-jean-yves-le-drian-29052019-les-proces-en-irak-contrele-djihadistes [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
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    28. CNCDH. (2020, February 2nd). Opinion on French nationals sentenced to death or facing the death penalty in Iraq. Op. cit.
    29. Bouvier, P. (2019, June 6th). French jihadists' trials highlight flaws in Iraqi justice system. Op. cit.
    30. Human Rights Watch. (2017). Flawed Justice: Accountability for ISIS Crimes in Iraq. p.49-5. Op. cit.; Sallon, H. (2019, July 6th). French jihadists sentenced to death in Iraq blame Paris. Op.cit.; Olivier, P. (2019, July 10th). Family of French man sentenced to death in Iraq cries out in anger. Op.cit; Le Devin, W. (2019, July 4th). Jihadists in Iraq: "Will we eradicate evil by applying the death penalty? No!". Op.cit.; Zamouri, A. (2019, June 21st). The family of a French jihadist sentenced to death breaks the silence. Op.cit.
    31. Summary of stakeholder submissions on Iraq (2019, November 8th). United Nations. Human Rights Council. Universal Periodic Review – Iraq. Third cycle. https://www.ohchr.org/fr/hr-bodies/upr/iq-index [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    32. Michelle Bachelet, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2019, June 24th). Op.cit.
    33. Human Rights Watch. (2017). Flawed Justice: Accountability for ISIS Crimes in Iraq. Op. cit.; Report 2017/18, The State of the World's Human Rights (2018, February 22nd). Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/pol10/6700/2018/fr/ [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    34. Bouvier, P. (2019, June 6th). French jihadists' trials highlight flaws in Iraqi justice system. Op.cit.
    35. Michelle Bachelet, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2019, June 24th). Op.cit.
    36. Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of November 7, 2005. https://www.refworld.org/docid/5bd093414.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    37. Ibid. Article 2 §3. The following acts are considered acts of terrorism [...] Anyone who organized, chaired or participated in an armed terrorist gang that practices and plans for terrorism and also contributes and participates in this act.
    38. Human Rights Council.(2016, June 15th). "They came to destroy": ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis. pp 49-52. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A_HRC_32_CRP.2_en.pdf [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]; Sallon, H. (2019, July 6th). French jihadists sentenced to death in Iraq blame Paris. Op.cit.
    39. Rubin, A.J. (2019, May 29th). France Hands ISIS Suspects to Iraq, Which Sentences Them to Hang. Op. cit.
    40. Human Rights Watch. (2017). Flawed Justice: Accountability for ISIS Crimes in Iraq. p.31. Op. cit.
    41. Human Rights Watch.(2017, July 19). Interview with Judge Riadh Jafar and Judge Jabar Hussein. in Human Rights Watch. (2017). Flawed Justice: Accountability for ISIS Crimes in Iraq. p.31. Op.cit. Genocide and terrorism are the same crime, so why would we need a separate charge for genocide?
    42. Human Rights Council.(2016, June 15th). "They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis.; Human Rights Council (2015, March 27th). Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Iraq in light of violations committed by the so-called "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and associated groups. A/HRC/28/18.
    43. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2006, February 8). Study on the right to truth. E/CN.4/2006/91
    44. Callamard, A. Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions on her mission to Iraq. (2018, June 20th). Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions on his mission to Iraq A/HRC/38/44/Add.1, § 48.
    45. Chapter XLVII – Crime against Humanity, Peace and Security and International Humanitarian Law, of the Criminal Code of Georgia
    46. Chapter XXXVIII – Terrorism, of the Criminal Code of Georgia.
    47. Amnesty International. (2019, April 10th). Death sentences and executions 2018: Global report. ACT 50/9870/2019. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT5098702019FRENCH.PDF [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    48. United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014, October). Report on the Death Penalty in Iraq. UNAMI/OHCHR. p.26
    49. Iraq: judiciary denies agreement with Paris to ease death penalty. (2019 June 11th). L'Orient-Le Jour. https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1174268/irak-la-justice-dement-unaccord-avec-paris-pour-alleger-la-peine-descondamnes-a-mort.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    50. Iraq's prime minister says he cannot ease sentences for jihadists. (2019, August 9th). Le Nouvel Observateur. https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190809.AFP2211/le-premier-ministre-d-irak-affirme-ne-pouvoir-alleger-les-peines-des-jihadistes.html [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    51. Ensemble contre la peine de mort. 10 questions to better understand the situation of French citizens sentenced to death in Iraq. p.14 https://www.ecpm.org/wp-content/uploads/10-questions-confe%CC%81rence-Irak-061021-GRIS-MD2.pdf [Last accessed 2022, August 5th]
    52. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. (1991, July 11th); European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. (1953, September 3); Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, concerning the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances. (2003, July 1st)
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